03131nas a2200373   4500000000100000008004100001653001200042653001800054653002300072653001200095653002200107653001200129653001300141653001300154653001600167653001300183653000900196653001000205653001800215653001900233653001200252653001800264653001800282100001300300700001900313700001900332700002800351245010400379856015300483300001000636490000800646520208300654022002002737                                       d10aChitral10aDeforestation10aForest degradation10aHeating10aIndigenous people10aKalasha10aLand use10aLand use10aLogging ban10aPakistan10aREDD10aREDD+10aReforestation10aRemote sensing10aSurveys10aWood Products10aWood Products1 aAlam Zeb1 aAndreas Hamann1 aGlen Armstrong1 aDante Acuna-Castellanos00aIdentifying local actors of deforestation and forest degradation in the Kalasha valleys of Pakistan  uhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064167660&doi=10.1016%2fj.forpol.2019.04.005&partnerID=40&md5=3a8240074b3073795e567e39d5b59d3a  a56-640 v1043 aPrevention of forest loss is a high priority in Pakistan, where catastrophic flooding in 1992 and 2010 has been linked to deforestation. Under the United Nation s REDD+ program, new incentive schemes are developed to encourage forest protection and reforestation, while implementing social safeguards for forest-dependent indigenous groups. The objective of this study is to support Pakistan s REDD+ readiness activities that affect the Kalasha, a unique indigenous people that are nominated for enhanced protection of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list. We aim to identify actors and power structures that have caused deforestation in the past, and recommend policy improvements that protect forests as well as the Kalasha s culture and traditional livelihoods. A remote-sensing based historical analysis showed that government actors have significant power to influence land use practices in the region, although their policy instruments may not have had the intended effects. A logging ban in 1993 could not stop forest loss and instead caused a shift to illegal selective cutting of the same magnitude. Near human habitation, forest loss actually increased after the ban. In household surveys, self-reported clearing of forests conformed to remote sensing data, and fuel wood use was identified as the primary pressure on forest resources. Results from expert interviews, however, revealed contradictory perceptions regarding the actors responsible for forest loss. Both local residents and government officials hold the other side as primarily responsible, while rationalizing their own contribution. We recommend policy changes towards more balanced power structure in joint forest management committees. In addition, alternative heating methods would remove the currently largest pressure on forest extraction for fuelwood. Since fuelwood production for regional consumption constitutes one of the largest sources of income for the poorest households, REDD-based compensation schemes would have to support the most affected households of the indigenous Kalasha.  a13899341 (ISSN)