02435nas a2200409   4500000000100000000000100001000000100002008004100003653001000044653002200054653001200076653001300088653002600101653001700127653001700144653002600161653002200187653002300209653002500232653001700257653002400274653001400298653001200312100002100324700002000345700002000365700002500385700001800410700001800428700001800446245006300464856015400527300001200681490000800693520130400701022002002005       2017                            d10aAndes10aAveiro [Portugal]10aParamos10aPortugal10abiocultural landscape10aBiodiversity10abiogeography10acritical biogeography10acultural heritage10acultural landscape10aenvironmental change10aethnobiology10aintangible heritage10amontology10apáramo1 aFausto Sarmiento1 aJ. Tomas Ibarra1 aAntonia Barreau1 aJ. Cristobal Pizarro1 aRicardo Rozzi1 aJuan Gonzalez1 aLarry Frolich00aApplied Montology Using Critical Biogeography in the Andes  uhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009262066&doi=10.1080%2f24694452.2016.1260438&partnerID=40&md5=bd505d7f9d411ab12a150d3bc397d593  a416-4280 v1073 aMore than most other landforms, mountains have been at the vanguard of geographical inquiry. Whether promontories, cultural works on slopes, or even metaphorical/spiritual heights, mountain research informs current narratives of global environmental change. We review how montology shifts geographic paradigms via the novel approach of critical biogeography in the Andes. We use it to bridge nature and society through indigenous heritage, local biodiversity conservation narratives, and vernacular nature–culture hybrids of biocultural landscapes (BCLs), focusing on how socioecological systems (SES) enlighten scientific query in the Andes. In our Andean study cases, integrated critical frameworks guide the understanding of BCLs as the product of long-term human–environment interactions. With situated exemplars from place naming, wild edible plants, medicinal plants, sacred trees, foodstuffs, ritualistic plants, and floral and faunal causation, we convey the need for cognition of mountains as BCLs in the Anthropocene. We conclude that applied montology allows for a multi-method approach with the four Cs of critical biogeography, a model that engages forward-looking geographers and interdisciplinary Andeanists in assessments for sustainable development of fragile BCLs in the Andes.  a24694452 (ISSN)